Spo2 90

Posted By admin  On 30.04.21



Normal: A normal ABG oxygen level for healthy lungs falls between 80 and 100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). If a pulse ox measured your blood oxygen level (SpO2), a normal reading is typically. Supplementary oxygen should be used if SpO2 level falls below 90%, which is unacceptable for a prolonged period of time. Medicare will pay for oxygen therapy and oxygen equipment if your SpO2 readings are below 88%. If your blood oxygen saturation falls under 88% consistently, consult with a doctor immediately.

As we learn more about COVID-19, recommendations and guidance are updated frequently. Please check back often.

SpO2が90％以下のときに、早急な対応が必要なのはなぜ？ 2016/06/17. As noted in the article, an SpO2 of 90% correlates well with a PO2 of 90. Back when I started as an RT 20 years ago, we wanted to keep patients at 92% or better. This was basically to play it safe. Today, we use 90%. Medicare uses 88%. For instance, you must have a walking SpO2 of 88% or less to qualify for home oxygen. SpO2 is expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount of oxygen that hemoglobin in the blood can carry. Since hemoglobin accounts for over 90% of oxygen in blood, SpO2 also measures the amount of oxygen in blood.

How does COVID-19 lower a person’s oxygen levels?

Many people with COVID-19 have low levels of oxygen in their blood, even when they feel well. Low oxygen levels can be an early warning sign that medical care is needed.

What is a pulse oximeter?

A pulse oximeter measures how much oxygen is in someone’s blood. It is a small device that clips onto a finger, or another part of the body. They are used often in hospitals and clinics and can be bought to use at home.

Many people consider oxygen level an important sign of how well a body is working, just like a person’s blood pressure or body temperature. People who have a lung or heart condition may use a pulse oximeter at home to check how they are doing, as directed by their health care provider. People can buy pulse oximeters without a prescription at some pharmacies and stores.

Can a pulse oximeter tell if someone has COVID-19 or how well they are doing if they have it?

We do not recommend using a pulse oximeter as a way to tell if someone has COVID-19. Get tested if you have signs of COVID-19 or if you have been close to someone who has it.

If someone has COVID-19, a pulse oximeter may help them keep watch over their health and to know if they need medical care. However, while a pulse oximeter may help someone feel like they have some control over their health, it does not tell the whole story. Oxygen level measured by a pulse oximeter is not the only way to know how sick someone is. Some people may feel very sick and have good oxygen levels, and some may feel OK, but have poor oxygen levels.

Pulse oximetry results may not be as accurate for people with darker skin. Their oxygen levels are sometimes reported as higher than they really are. People who check their own oxygen levels, or those who check it for them, should keep this in mind when looking at results.

Oxygen levels may be low if someone feels short of breath, is breathing faster than usual, or feels too sick to do their usual daily activities, even if a pulse oximeter says their oxygen levels are normal. Call a doctor or another health care provider right away if you have these symptoms.

What are normal readings?

A normal level of oxygen is usually 95% or higher. Some people with chronic lung disease or sleep apnea can have normal levels around 90%. The “SpO2” reading on a pulse oximeter shows the percentage of oxygen in someone’s blood.

If your home SpO2 reading is lower than 95%, call your health care provider.

By Christopher V. Cosgriff

Peer Reviewed

The American College of Physicians (ACP) recommends supplemental long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in all patients who have severe resting hypoxemia, defined as a PaO2 ≤55 mmHg or an SpO2 ≤88%. In patients with cor pulmonale or polycythemia they recommend initiation of oxygen therapy at a PaO2 ≤59 mmHg.1 Absent from the ACP recommendation is a target range to which saturation should be restored. The accepted standard of practice is restoration to a range of 88%-92%, and there are British guidelines that make recommendations regarding this range.2 Although no trial has ever been run to specifically identify a target range, an a priori understanding of the physiology of hyperoxic hypercapnea, as well as data from other studies, guide our current practice.

There are seven randomized clinical trials that currently inform our administration of oxygen therapy.3,4 Of these, five trials examine the administration of LTOT. The Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (NOTT) and MRC Working Party Trial (MRC), from 1980 and 1981 respectively, are the only trials to show a survival benefit for LTOT in COPD.5,6 NOTT was a multicenter, parallel-group, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Enrolled patients were required to have PaO2 ≤55 mmHg or PaO2 ≤59 mmHg with edema, hematocrit ≥55%, or electrocardiographic evidence of cor pulmonale. The 203 patients enrolled were randomized to continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy. At 24 months of oxygen therapy there was a significant decrease in mortality in the continuous oxygen arm of the trial. MRC was a UK trial of similar design that randomized patients with a PaO2 between 40 and 60 mmHg and one or more episodes of heart failure with documented ankle edema to either LTOT or no oxygen therapy. The LTOT group had a significant improvement in 5-year mortality, with an impressive number needed to treat of 4.5.

The remaining trials did not demonstrate a mortality benefit for LTOT, but notably, these studies targeted patients with mild-to-moderate hypoxemia.3 Gorecka and colleagues defined this as a PaO2 of 56-65 mmHg in their inclusion criteria, and Haidl and colleagues, who studied the effect of LTOT on the decline of endurance in patients with reversible hypercapnea, included only patients with a PaO2 >50 mmHg.7,8 These two trials were not powered to assess mortality, but for many years were the only available evidence regarding LTOT in this population. However, the 2016 Long Term Oxygen Treatment Trial has provided strong new evidence supporting the conclusions of these previous studies.4 This multicenter, parallel-group, randomized, unblinded trial enrolled 738 patients. With more patients than all previous LTOT trials combined, it is the largest trial ever to examine this therapy. Initially, the trial was designed to assess whether LTOT would result in longer time to death compared to no oxygen therapy in patients with moderate desaturation, defined as a resting SpO2 of 89-93%. It was amended after seven months, as the trial’s design was deemed to be flawed due to lower-than-projected mortality. It was redesigned to utilize a composite primary outcome of time to either death or hospitalization for any cause. Furthermore, noting the phenotypic overlap between patients with moderate resting desaturation and exercise-induced desaturation, the trial was expanded to include patients with exercise-induced desaturation to an SpO2 ≥80% for ≥5 minutes and <90% for ≥10 seconds. The study had 90% power to detect a hazard ratio of 0.60 for the composite primary outcome. There was no benefit to LTOT in the treatment group for the primary outcome, and no benefit for all secondary outcomes; the authors noted that the consistency of the null result across all outcomes strengthens their findings. It can thus be concluded from these studies that LTOT provides a mortality benefit in severely hypoxemic patients with COPD, but does not improve mortality in those with mild-to-moderate hypoxemia.

These trials do not indicate an optimal target range for supplemental oxygenation. The currently accepted oxygen saturation target of 88%-92% is an attempt to provide adequate tissue oxygenation while avoiding the complication of hyperoxic hypercapnea by giving the minimum amount of oxygen needed to stay above severe hypoxemia. This well-known complication was initially attributed inappropriately to a decrease in minute ventilation secondary to increased oxygen delivery to the sino-aortic zones, thus removing the anoxic stimulus to increase respiratory rate; the complication is now attributed primarily to oxygen-induced ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch and the Haldane effect.9 In normal physiological states, anoxia is a potent stimulus for pulmonary vascular vasoconstriction leading to decreased perfusion of poorly ventilated alveoli. Providing supratherapeutic oxygen counteracts this mechanism and therefore increases perfusion to diseased lung where CO2 cannot be exchanged. This V/Q mismatch leads to increased PaCO2. The Haldane effect refers to the increased ability of deoxygenated hemoglobin to carry CO2, and thus in the presence of oxygen the dissociation curve for CO2 from hemoglobin will shift toward the right, and PaCO2 will increase.9 Normally, this will cause increased minute ventilation leading to exhalation of CO2, but patients with severe COPD may not be able to increase their minute ventilation.

There exist recent clinical studies that address the dangers of over-supplementing oxygen, of which one strongly supports a target oxygen saturation range of 88%-92%. These data come primarily from studies that examine the administration of oxygen to patients experiencing an acute COPD exacerbation in the emergency setting. A retrospective audit of such patients in Denmark from Ringbaek and colleagues found that 88.7% of the 405 enrolled patients arrived at the emergency room with supratherapeutic oxygen levels (defined as SpO2 >93% by the guidelines used in Denmark).10 However, they reported that there was no significant difference in the need for ventilatory support, length of stay, or mortality compared to patients who arrived at the hospital with an SpO2 <93%. They do, however, note that patients with respiratory acidosis receiving inappropriate oxygen therapy, as a rule, will have a normalization of their acid-base status when their oxygen supplementation is titrated down to the appropriate range. It is worth noting that this retrospective study stratified patients by chart-recorded oxygen saturations rather than by controlling for administration method, and thus the patients who were not supratherapeutic may have been sicker. Supporting this, their study notes that having an SpO2 <93% was associated with an increase in in-hospital mortality.

In contrast, a randomized, controlled, unblinded trial of patients experiencing a suspected COPD exacerbation by Austin and colleagues in Australia compared the administration of titrated oxygen therapy (to a target of 88-92%) with a control group that received high-flow oxygen treatment (8-10 L/minute) via a non-rebreather face mask during pre-hospital transit.11 Mortality was the primary outcome. Paramedics in the study were randomized, although they were first stratified by location in order to equalize duration of ambulance travel between groups. This study also enrolled 405 patients, with 226 patients in the high-flow group, and 179 in the titrated group. In an intention-to-treat analysis, there was a 58% reduction in mortality in the titrated oxygen group. It is also worth noting that the study inclusion criteria were “people aged 35 years or older with breathlessness and a history or risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.” A subgroup was formed of the patients who had pulmonary function tests within the last five years confirming the diagnosis of COPD; in the analysis of this subgroup, the mortality benefit in the titrated therapy group grew to 78%. Although this trial was not blinded, it is the first randomized trial comparing titrated oxygen therapy to high-flow therapy, and the reduction in mortality is quite significant.

While there are no randomized controlled trials specifically addressing a target oxygen saturation for LTOT, the clinical benefit of LTOT for patients with severe hypoxemia demonstrated by NOTT and MRC, compared to other trials targeting mild-to-moderate hypoxemia, suggest a threshold at which oxygen supplementation is beneficial.3 Furthermore, the Austin study provides novel, high-quality clinical evidence that there is harm associated with not titrating oxygen supplementation.11 The commonly accepted oxygen saturation goal of 88-92% therefore lies within the realm of evidence-based practice, although further trials focusing specifically on LTOT would be valuable.

By Christopher V. Cosgriff, 3rd year medical student, NYU School of Medicine

Peer reviewed by Harald Sauthoff, MD, Pulmonary Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center

Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

References

  1. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, et al. Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(3):179-191. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810710
  2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) website. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs10. Published July, 2011. Updated February, 2016. Accessed June 15, 2016.
  1. Cranston JM, Crockett AJ, Moss JR, Alpers JH. Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD001744. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235285
  1. Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trail Research Group. A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(17):1617-1627. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27783918
  1. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93(3):391-398.
  1. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the Medical Research Council Working Party. Lancet. 1981;1(8222):681-686. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6110912
  1. Górecka D, Gorzelak K, Sliwiński P, Tobiasz M, Zieliński J. Effect of long-term oxygen therapy on survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate hypoxaemia. Thorax. 1997;52(8):674-679.

Spo2 Of 90

  1. Haidl P, Clement C, Wiese C, Dellweg D, Kohler D. Long-term oxygen therapy stops the natural decline of endurance in COPD patients with reversible hypercapnia. Respiration. 2004;71(4):342-347. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15316206

Spo2 90-92

  1. Abdo WF, Heunks LM. Oxygen-induced hypercapnia in COPD: myths and facts. Crit Care. 2012;16(5):323. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23106947

Spo2 90% During Sleep

  1. Ringbaek TJ, Terkelsen J, Lange P. Outcomes of acute exacerbations in COPD in relation to pre-hospital oxygen therapy. Eur Clin Resp J. 2015;2. http://journals.co-action.net/index.php/ecrj/article/view/27283

Spo2 90 Pao2 60

Spo2
  1. Austin MA, Wills KE, Blizzard L, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R. Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c5462. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959284